{"id":8460,"date":"2026-10-16T11:09:32","date_gmt":"2026-10-16T11:09:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/quan-demanar-ajuda\/"},"modified":"2026-10-16T12:58:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T12:58:43","slug":"when-to-seek-help","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/when-to-seek-help\/","title":{"rendered":"Addiction or habit?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8460\" class=\"elementor elementor-8460 elementor-8455\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d74f2a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1d74f2a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-823f7d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"823f7d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--\n==================================================================================\n  BLOG ARTICLE (features, evidence-based) \u00b7 Centre de Psicologia Jaume Primer (Girona)\n  Topic: Addiction or habit? When to seek help, why it is so hard and what works without admission\n  Contact link: https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/demanar-cita-psicoleg-girona\/\n  Required internal link: https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/psicoleg-addiccions-a-girona\/\n\n  >>> SEO CONFIGURATION IN WORDPRESS (Yoast \/ Rank Math) <<<\n  SEO title:  Addiction or habit? When to seek help | Psychologists Girona\n  Slug:       addiction-or-habit-help-girona\n  Meta desc.: Is it a habit or an addiction? What science says about loss of control,\n              shame and when to seek help. 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line-height: 1.6; color: var(--soft);\n}\n.pa-refs li::before {\n    content: counter(r) '.'; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0;\n    font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 600; color: var(--gold-deep);\n}\n.pa-refs li em { font-style: italic; }\n.pa-refs li a { color: var(--gold-deep); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(154,117,41,.35); word-break: break-word; }\n\n\/* ---------- DISCLAIMER ---------- *\/\n.pa-disclaimer {\n    font-size: 13.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.65; font-style: italic;\n    border-top: 1px dashed var(--line); padding-top: 22px; margin: 30px 0 56px;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\n    .pa-article { font-size: 17.5px; }\n    .pa-vignette, .pa-note { padding: 22px 20px; }\n    .pa-body .lead-first::first-letter { font-size: 56px; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<article class=\"pa-article\">\n\n    <!-- ============ HEADER ============ -->\n    <header class=\"pa-head\">\n        <div class=\"inner\">\n            <span class=\"pa-kicker\">Addiction psychology \u00b7 Features<\/span>\n            <h1>Addiction or habit? What science says about <em>when to seek help<\/em> (and why it's so hard)<\/h1>\n            <p class=\"pa-standfirst\">Almost nobody considers asking for help on the first day they lose control. In between there are months or years of promises, doubts and shame. We review what research says about the boundary between a habit and an addiction, why willpower is not the key and what truly works in therapy, without admission.<\/p>\n            <div class=\"pa-byline\">\n                <span class=\"avatar\">JP<\/span>\n                <span><b>Clinical team \u00b7 Centre de Psicologia Jaume Primer<\/b><br>Psychologists in Girona<\/span>\n                <span class=\"sep\"><\/span>\n                <span>October 2026<\/span>\n                <span class=\"sep\"><\/span>\n                <span>10 min read<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <div class=\"pa-body\">\n        <div class=\"pa-wrap\"><div class=\"pa-col\">\n\n            <!-- ============ VIGNETTE ============ -->\n            <p class=\"lead-first\">For a while now you have been telling yourself every night: <em>\u201cThis is the last one.\u201d<\/em> The last drink too many, the last joint to get to sleep, the last bet \u201cto win it back\u201d. The next morning brings a strange mixture of guilt and alibis: <em>\u201cit's not that bad\u201d, \u201cI've got it under control\u201d, \u201cI'll quit when work goes better\u201d<\/em>. And, at the same time, a quiet fear you don't even know how to name: <em>what if this no longer depends on me?<\/em><\/p>\n\n            <p>Scenes like this are the starting point for many of the people who end up booking an appointment at a psychology practice. They almost never arrive saying <em>\u201cI have an addiction\u201d<\/em>. They arrive with a much humbler and much harder question: <strong>\u201cis this thing that's happening to me a habit or an addiction?\u201d<\/strong> And behind the question, always, the fear of judgement: from those around them, from the healthcare system and from their own mirror.<\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"pa-note\">\n                <span class=\"label\">A note on this article<\/span>\n                <p>The vignette that opens the text is a fictional composite, with no correspondence to any specific person. The rest is evidence-based reporting grounded in peer-reviewed research (you will find the numbered references at the end). It does not replace an individual clinical assessment.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ DSM-5 CONTINUUM ============ -->\n            <h2>Habit or addiction? Science sees it as a continuum<\/h2>\n            <p>The question <em>\u201chabit or addiction\u201d<\/em> starts from an idea that clinical psychology abandoned years ago: that there is a qualitative leap between \u201csomeone who is in control\u201d and \u201csomeone who is addicted\u201d. The DSM-5, the reference diagnostic manual, reframed this in 2013: it merged the old categories of \u201cabuse\u201d and \u201cdependence\u201d into a single <strong>substance use disorder<\/strong>, described by 11 criteria (loss of control, growing salience, continuing despite the consequences, tolerance, discomfort when not using\u2026) and degrees of severity: mild (2\u20133 criteria), moderate (4\u20135) and severe (6 or more)<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r1\">1<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>The practical implication is enormous: <strong>an addiction is not something you either have or don't have, but a point on a gradient<\/strong>. You don't need to \u201chit rock bottom\u201d or fit the stereotype for what is happening to you to deserve professional attention. Even with few criteria there is already a problem that responds well to therapy, and the longer it waits, the heavier it becomes. The same framework applies to behaviours without substances, such as gambling, recognised as an addictive disorder within the manual itself<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r1\">1<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>And the loss of control is not a moral issue. The landmark review by Volkow, Koob and McLellan in the <em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em> describes addiction as a chronic brain disease, with measurable changes in the reward, stress and self-control circuits<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r2\">2<\/a><\/span>. This takes away no one's agency; what it takes away is blame. <strong>It is not a lack of willpower: the brain changes, and that is precisely why therapy, which also changes the brain, works.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"pa-note\">\n                <span class=\"label\">Signs that can guide you (not a diagnosis)<\/span>\n                <p>Some questions that can help you place yourself: Have you tried to cut down and not managed it? Do you spend more time or money on it than you would like? Do you need more and more to feel the same effect? Does not being able to do it put you in a bad mood? Have you put important things (work, partner, friends, health) in second place? If several answers are yes and stay that way over time, it is worth having it assessed by a professional. A first appointment serves exactly that purpose.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ SHAME \/ BARRIERS ============ -->\n            <h2>Why is it so hard to ask for help: shame as a real barrier<\/h2>\n            <p>If asking for help were only a rational decision, everyone would do it early. The data say the opposite. In a representative sample of more than 34,000 adults in the United States, people with an alcohol use disorder who <strong>perceived more stigma towards alcoholism were less than half as likely to seek treatment<\/strong> (OR = 0.37)<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r3\">3<\/a><\/span>. Shame is not an incidental discomfort: it is, literally, a barrier to accessing help.<\/p>\n\n            <p>And the wait is long. The WHO World Mental Health Surveys, with data from 15 countries including Spain, found that only between 0.9% and 18.6% of people with a substance use disorder sought treatment during the first year of the problem, and that the median delay before the first contact with care reaches 6\u201314 years in several countries<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r4\">4<\/a><\/span>. Meanwhile, the problem is anything but rare: in the last major wave of the NESARC, alcohol use disorder affected <strong>1 in 8 adults<\/strong> over a 12-month period, and the vast majority never received professional help<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r5\">5<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>That is why the way we talk about it matters to us. We don't say \u201caddict\u201d or \u201cjunkie\u201d: we say <strong>a person with an addiction<\/strong>, because the problem is something that happens to you, not something you are. This is not a cosmetic detail: words that label a health problem as a moral failing are part of the reason people wait years before knocking on a door.<\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"pa-quote\">\n                <p>No one should have to hit rock bottom to have the right to ask for help. The fear of judgement is already enough of a burden; we will not add ours to it.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ MOTIVATION ============ -->\n            <h2>Motivation is not a requirement to start: it is built<\/h2>\n            <p>There is a very widespread idea that holds many people back: <em>\u201cI'm not convinced enough yet; when I'm sure, I'll seek help\u201d<\/em>. Research says exactly the opposite. The stages of change model of Prochaska and DiClemente showed that change is a process with phases (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance) and that <strong>ambivalence (wanting it and not wanting it at the same time) is a normal and expected stage<\/strong>, not an excuse or a symptom of failure<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r6\">6<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>In fact, one of the interventions with the most accumulated evidence, <strong>motivational interviewing<\/strong>, starts exactly here: instead of confronting or persuading, it explores your own ambivalence until change stops being an external order and becomes your own decision. The meta-analysis by Hettema, Steele and Miller (72 clinical trials) found significant effects in the vast majority of studies reviewed, often with few sessions<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r7\">7<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>Translated to the consulting room: <strong>you don't need to come 100% convinced. You can come with doubts, with motivation and with fear all at once.<\/strong> Working on those doubts is not a prerequisite for therapy; it is the beginning of therapy.<\/p>\n\n            <!-- ============ OUTPATIENT EFFECTIVENESS ============ -->\n            <h2>What actually works (and, in most cases, without admission)<\/h2>\n            <p>The field of psychological treatment for addictions is not a matter of opinion: there are solid meta-analyses on what works. <strong>Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)<\/strong> (identifying triggers, training alternative responses, preventing relapses) has shown significant effects in a meta-analysis of 53 randomised trials with adults with alcohol or drug use disorders<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r8\">8<\/a><\/span>. <strong>Contingency management<\/strong> (incentive systems that reinforce abstinence) is one of the most powerful interventions ever measured in this field<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r9\">9<\/a><\/span>. And even <strong>brief interventions<\/strong>, structured conversations of less than an hour, measurably reduce alcohol consumption, according to a Cochrane review of 69 trials with more than 33,000 participants<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r10\">10<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>The most surprising finding, however, is another one: <strong>for most people, outpatient treatment is as effective as inpatient treatment<\/strong>. A review in <em>Psychiatric Services<\/em> on intensive outpatient programmes rated the level of evidence as high, with results comparable to residential treatment in multiple randomised trials<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r11\">11<\/a><\/span>. In other words: being admitted is not the only route nor, in itself, the best one. Being able to keep living your life while you do therapy, and practising the change exactly where it is at stake for you, is often an advantage, not a lighter version.<\/p>\n\n            <p>And this does not apply only to substances. In <strong>problem gambling<\/strong>, a systematic review of 25 studies found that CBT significantly reduces gambling behaviour, with effects that last up to 24 months after finishing therapy<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r12\">12<\/a><\/span>. The same foundations apply to newer behavioural addictions, such as gaming disorder.<\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"pa-note\">\n                <span class=\"label\">What we do (and what we don't do) at the practice<\/span>\n                <p>At Centre de Psicologia Jaume Primer we offer outpatient therapy only; no admission or medical detox. Sessions are in person in Girona or online. If a situation requires that kind of service, we say so clearly and refer you to the appropriate healthcare resource (for example, the public CAS network for Mental Health and Addictions). You can find the details of the service on our <a href=\"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/psicoleg-addiccions-a-girona\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">addictions psychologist in Girona<\/a> page.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ RELAPSES ============ -->\n            <h2>Relapses are part of the process, not of failure<\/h2>\n            <p>Marlatt's cognitive behavioural model of relapse prevention, a classic in the psychology of addiction, understands relapse not as an event that erases everything, but as a process that begins long before use: high-risk situations, coping strategies that fail, craving, and what it calls the <em>abstinence violation effect<\/em>, that spiral of \u201cI've already failed, so what's the point\u201d that turns a slip into a fall<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r13\">13<\/a><\/span>. Working on this in therapy changes the script: a slip stops being a verdict and becomes information for adjusting the plan.<\/p>\n\n            <p>The most honest comparison was made by McLellan and his team in <em>JAMA<\/em>: addiction resembles chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension or asthma; also in heritability, in treatment adherence and in relapse rates, which sit in the classic 40\u201360% range when treatment is interrupted<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r14\">14<\/a><\/span>. Nobody says that a person with hypertension has \u201cfailed\u201d if their blood pressure spikes when they stop their medication: the plan gets adjusted. With an addiction, the same. <strong>Relapsing does not mean that therapy has not worked or that you are not cut out for this; it means the process continues.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"pa-quote\">\n                <p>Change is not a straight line upwards. It is a spiral: some turns look like going backwards, but each turn climbs a little higher than the one before.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ FAMILY ============ -->\n            <h2>And what if the person struggling is someone at home?<\/h2>\n            <p>An addiction never affects just one person: it reorganises the routines, the silences and the arguments of the whole family. Partners who keep watch, parents who monitor the bank account, children who learn not to bring friends home. And almost always the same feeling of helplessness: <em>\u201cwe tell them, we tell them, and they won't take the step\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n            <p>Here research brings concrete and hopeful news: the <strong>CRAFT<\/strong> programme (Community Reinforcement and Family Training) trains family members and partners in communication, reinforcement of non-using behaviour and self-care, without \u201cintervention\u201d-style confrontation, and in the landmark trial it achieved that <strong>around 2 in 3 families (64%) got the unmotivated person to start treatment<\/strong><span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r15\">15<\/a><\/span>. In other words: even if your child, your partner or your sibling doesn't want to come, <strong>you can come<\/strong>, and what you learn can genuinely shift the situation.<\/p>\n\n            <p>A compassionate look in the other direction is also worthwhile. Khantzian's self-medication hypothesis, a classic in psychiatry, reminds us that behind many addictions there is not a search for partying but <strong>untreated pain<\/strong>: anxiety, insomnia, depression, the aftermath of trauma<span class=\"pa-cite\"><a href=\"#r16\">16<\/a><\/span>. The substance \u201cworks\u201d in the short term as an emotional regulator, until it stops working and starts charging interest. That is why therapy that only looks at use falls short: you have to work on what the use was soothing.<\/p>\n\n            <!-- ============ CLINICAL WORK ============ -->\n            <h2>What we work on, in practice<\/h2>\n            <p>Brought into the consulting room, all of this stops being theory. We work in an outpatient format (individual sessions, in person in Girona or online) and adapt the plan to each person: no two processes are alike, and no two reasons behind a pattern of use are alike. The focuses that come up most often are these:<\/p>\n\n            <ul class=\"pa-topics\">\n                <li><strong>Understanding the function of use:<\/strong> what it soothes, what it avoids, what it compensates for. Without that map, quitting is switching off an alarm without looking at the fire.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Triggers and high-risk situations:<\/strong> identifying the contexts, emotions and thoughts that open the door, and training alternative responses before they arrive.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Managing craving and urges:<\/strong> concrete techniques for riding out the wave of desire without acting on it.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>What lies underneath:<\/strong> anxiety, depression, insomnia or traumatic experiences that use was numbing, treated within the same plan.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Relapse prevention:<\/strong> a realistic plan for slips, one that turns them into information rather than a spiral of guilt.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Relationships and family:<\/strong> repairing trust, setting healthy boundaries and, where needed, working with the partner or the parents, including when the person affected does not yet want to come.<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n\n            <!-- ============ FAQ ============ -->\n            <h2>Questions we are often asked<\/h2>\n            <div class=\"pa-faq\">\n                <details>\n                    <summary>How can I tell whether what I have is an addiction or a habit?<\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"ans\"><p>The line is not \u201cyes or no\u201d, but a gradient. The signs that weigh most heavily are loss of control (trying to cut down and being unable to), salience (life revolving around it more and more), needing more to feel the same effect, discomfort when you don't do it and continuing despite the consequences. If several of these have felt familiar for some time, it is worth having it assessed: a first appointment serves exactly that purpose, with no commitment.<\/p><\/div>\n                <\/details>\n                <details>\n                    <summary>I've tried to quit on my own and I can't. Does that mean I have no willpower?<\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"ans\"><p>No. It means that what you have cannot be solved with willpower alone, just as hypertension cannot. Addiction involves measurable changes in the brain's reward and self-control circuits; therapy works precisely on this: triggers, underlying emotions and relapse prevention, with methods that have proven effective in controlled trials.<\/p><\/div>\n                <\/details>\n                <details>\n                    <summary>Do you offer admission or detox?<\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"ans\"><p>No. We are an outpatient psychology practice: outpatient therapy only; no admission or medical detox. The good news is that the evidence shows outpatient treatment is as effective as inpatient care for most people. If a case requires an admission-based service, we say so clearly and refer you to the appropriate healthcare resource, for example the public CAS network for Mental Health and Addictions.<\/p><\/div>\n                <\/details>\n                <details>\n                    <summary>Do I have to be 100% convinced before booking an appointment?<\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"ans\"><p>No. Ambivalence (wanting it and not wanting it at the same time) is a normal stage of change, and that is exactly why approaches such as motivational interviewing exist: they begin by working on your doubts instead of demanding conviction. You can come with doubts; that is not an obstacle, it is the usual starting point.<\/p><\/div>\n                <\/details>\n                <details>\n                    <summary>My child, my partner or someone at home doesn't want to come. Can I come myself?<\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"ans\"><p>Yes, and it is often the most useful step. We see family members and partners: we guide you in supporting without intruding, setting boundaries without blaming and creating conditions that make it easier for the person to ask for help. Programmes such as CRAFT have shown that this work with the family leads a majority of unmotivated people to eventually start treatment.<\/p><\/div>\n                <\/details>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ CLOSING ============ -->\n            <div class=\"pa-closing\">\n                <h2>If you recognised yourself in this<\/h2>\n                <p>If any of these paragraphs spoke to you, for yourself or for someone you love, talking it over with someone trained in addictions can save you years of doing it all on your own. You don't need to hit rock bottom or arrive convinced: all you need is to take the first step. We see people in person in Girona and online.<\/p>\n                <a class=\"pa-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/demanar-cita-psicoleg-girona\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Request a first session<\/a>\n                <p class=\"alt\">You can also write to us on <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/34671232783?text=Hello%20Centre%20de%20Psicologia%20Jaume%20Primer%2C%20I%20would%20like%20to%20ask%20for%20information%20about%20addiction%20therapy.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WhatsApp<\/a> or learn about our <a href=\"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/psicoleg-addiccions-a-girona\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">addiction therapy in Girona<\/a> service.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <!-- ============ REFERENCES ============ -->\n            <div class=\"pa-refs\">\n                <h2>References<\/h2>\n                <ol>\n                    <li id=\"r1\">Hasin, D. S., O'Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., \u2026 Grant, B. F. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. <em>The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170<\/em>(8), 834\u2013851. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23903334\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r2\">Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., &amp; McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. <em>The New England Journal of Medicine, 374<\/em>(4), 363\u2013371. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26816013\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r3\">Keyes, K. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Link, B., Olfson, M., Grant, B. F., &amp; Hasin, D. (2010). Stigma and treatment for alcohol disorders in the United States. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology, 172<\/em>(12), 1364\u20131372. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21044992\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r4\">Wang, P. S., Angermeyer, M., Borges, G., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., de Girolamo, G., \u2026 \u00dcst\u00fcn, T. B. (2007). Delay and failure in treatment seeking after first onset of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. <em>World Psychiatry, 6<\/em>(3), 177\u2013185. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18188443\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r5\">Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., Kerridge, B. T., Ruan, W. J., \u2026 Hasin, D. S. (2017). Prevalence of 12-month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001\u20132002 to 2012\u20132013. <em>JAMA Psychiatry, 74<\/em>(9), 911\u2013923. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28793133\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r6\">Prochaska, J. O., &amp; DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51<\/em>(3), 390\u2013395. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/6863699\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r7\">Hettema, J., Steele, J., &amp; Miller, W. R. (2005). Motivational interviewing. <em>Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1<\/em>, 91\u2013111. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17716083\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r8\">Magill, M., &amp; Ray, L. A. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. <em>Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70<\/em>(4), 516\u2013527. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19515291\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r9\">Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. <em>Addiction, 101<\/em>(11), 1546\u20131560. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17034434\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r10\">Kaner, E. F., Beyer, F. R., Muirhead, C., Campbell, F., Pienaar, E. D., Bertholet, N., Daeppen, J. B., Saunders, J. B., &amp; Burnand, B. (2018). Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. <em>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018<\/em>(2), CD004148. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29476653\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r11\">McCarty, D., Braude, L., Lyman, D. R., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., &amp; Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Substance abuse intensive outpatient programs: Assessing the evidence. <em>Psychiatric Services, 65<\/em>(6), 718\u2013726. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24445620\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r12\">Gooding, P., &amp; Tarrier, N. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural interventions to reduce problem gambling: Hedging our bets? <em>Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47<\/em>(7), 592\u2013607. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19446287\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r13\">Witkiewitz, K., &amp; Marlatt, G. A. (2004). Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems: That was Zen, this is Tao. <em>American Psychologist, 59<\/em>(4), 224\u2013235. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15149263\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r14\">McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., &amp; Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. <em>JAMA, 284<\/em>(13), 1689\u20131695. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11015800\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r15\">Meyers, R. J., Miller, W. R., Hill, D. E., &amp; Tonigan, J. S. (1998). Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT): Engaging unmotivated drug users in treatment. <em>Journal of Substance Abuse, 10<\/em>(3), 291\u2013308. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10689661\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li id=\"r16\">Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. <em>Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4<\/em>(5), 231\u2013244. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9385000\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a><\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <p class=\"pa-disclaimer\">This article is intended solely for general information purposes and does not constitute psychological advice or a diagnosis. Every person and every process is unique; if you are going through a difficult time with substance use or a behaviour, consider an individual professional assessment. If there is any risk to your health or someone else's, contact your doctor or the emergency services.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/article>\n\n<!-- ============ STRUCTURED DATA (SEO) ============ -->\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BlogPosting\",\n      \"headline\": \"Addiction or habit? 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We review what research says about the boundary between a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8460","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8460"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8460\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8475,"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8460\/revisions\/8475"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8460"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8460"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/centrepsicologiajaumeprimer.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8460"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}